In recent years, there has been a growing body of research exploring the intricate relationship between racism and health outcomes. It has become increasingly evident that racism, both in its overt and subtle forms, has profound implications for physical and mental well-being. In this blog, we delve into the direct and indirect impacts of racism on health, drawing upon key insights from scholarly literature and public health research.
Direct Impact of Racism on Health
Scholars like Williams et al. (2003), Harris et al. (2006a, 2006b), and Brondolo et al. (2003) have theorised that racism can directly influence health by triggering the body’s physiological stress response. This prolonged stimulation of stress hormones can lead to a cascade of negative health effects, including heightened anxiety, depression, and diminished self-esteem. These emotional states, in turn, can exert direct influences on biological processes such as immune system functioning and behavioural patterns, consequently affecting disease risk and mortality (Kubzansky & Kawachi, 2000; Harris, 2006a).
Moreover, individuals subjected to racism may adopt high-risk health behaviours like substance abuse and self-harm as maladaptive coping mechanisms. Additionally, the experience of racism may contribute to delays in seeking healthcare, exacerbating health disparities among marginalised communities.
Indirect Impact of Racism on Health
Beyond its direct physiological effects, racism also exerts an indirect influence on health through differential exposures and opportunities related to other determinants of health, such as education and employment. Krieger (2001) outlines multi-level pathways linking racism to health outcomes, including economic and social deprivation, exposure to toxic substances, and inadequate healthcare access.
In Canada and elsewhere, racialised individuals often face disproportionate levels of poverty, inadequate housing, and exposure to hazardous conditions. They also encounter barriers to quality healthcare and experience social exclusion, all of which contribute to health inequities (Hyman, 2001; Galabuzi, 2004; Kazemipur & Halli, 2003).
Institutional Racism and Health Inequities
Institutional racism further exacerbates health disparities by perpetuating unequal access to social, economic, and political resources based on racial or ethnic characteristics. Practices such as differential treatment in recruitment, hiring, and promotion perpetuate existing inequalities in the labour force (Galabuzi & Teelucksingh). Addressing institutional racism in healthcare necessitates a commitment to anti-racism, diversity, and cultural competency.
Summary
In summary, racism is not merely a social issue; it is a public health concern with far-reaching implications. Racial and ethnic disparities in health outcomes persist, driven by both direct physiological responses to racism and indirect effects stemming from social determinants of health. To achieve health equity, it is imperative to address racism at its roots, dismantle institutional barriers, and promote inclusive policies and practices across all sectors of society.
In subsequent blogs, we will explore strategies for combating racism in healthcare and fostering inclusive, equitable systems that prioritise the well-being of all individuals, regardless of race or ethnicity. Stay tuned for more insights and actionable steps towards a healthier, more just future.